I would like to create an automation that:
Is there a way to do this from Jira's automation, or is it going to be something done in code?
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There's no way to know this. Issues can appear on many boards, and the users could be creating issues from any of them, plus all the non-board methods of creating issues.
The "create issue here" function is just a convenience, it's not really "creating on a board"
You would have to read all the board filters to work out what boards the new issue could appear on, look at the user who created it and cross-reference their permissions to use a board and create issues in the project(s) each board includes,
But that will only give you a list of boards from which it might have been created, and it might not be a complete list; you can create issues from a board that will not then show on that board!
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