You can't do this. And even getting vaguely close is a lot harder in SQL than it is doing it any other way.
The problem is simple - Jira does not record the transition used. It only records the start and end status.
If you have a simple workflow where there is only one transition between two status (which is almost all workflows), you can work out the transition by looking at the workflow. But, of course, if you have edited the workflow and changed transitions, you might not be sure of the transition that was used historically.
On top of that, for doing this with SQL, you would need to parse and understand the workflow XML which is stored raw in the database.
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