How can I be able to show the issue categories without having to access the issue?
Ok, so what are you trying to do when you say "show the issue type"?
For example - if you're looking at a single issue, the type is shown in the issue view, if you're looking at a search result, then you can add the issue type column to the issue navigator to show the issue type (it's usually there by default), if you're creating an issue, then the list of available types are shown in the drop-down without accessing any issue (as it's not there yet).
I guess the question is where do you want to show the issue types (maybe easier to answer that question by describing what problem you're trying to solve for the end-users)
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