Any attachments added in Comments (by either Customer or Service Desk Agent) are not visible in the Customer Portal. Instead, all you see is a broken image icon.

If you click on the broken image icon, you get a pop-up that says "This image failed to load."

The attachments are not visible when viewed by Customer (who is in the Service Desk Customer role). They are also not visible by a user who is a Service Desk Agent (as well as admin roles).
The attachments are visible back in JIRA Service Desk issue view.

I also double-checked the attachment permissions, and they all seem correct.

We recently upgraded to the latest version of JIRA Software (7.8.x) and JIRA Service Desk (3.11.x)