We had the problem that suddenly, three out of hundreds of people were not able anymore to login. After entering the correct credentials, they not only saw the error "wrong username or password" but also a "internal server error occurred". And: neither atlassian-jira.log, atlassian-jira-security.log nor even catalina.out contained any single log entry that told about the error, even after raising log level to DEBUG.
Luckily we fixed the problem, resolution follows...