Is there a way to have a certain group in jira to be restricted to either certain components (or excluded from certain components)
No.
Components are project artifacts, so if someone can see/use a project, they have access to the components.
Best you can do is a spot of javascript to remove the options if you want to stop certain groups using certain components, but that's entirely up to you, and of course, not hard to bypass if your users know what they're doing.
They don't have a way to do this but there is a work around for this.. Its a little complicated so you will need to have knowledge in Workflows, Issue Security scheme etc..
Fix: You can add "Post Function" to set "Issue Security Scheme" based on "Components"
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