It appears you are on Cloud I’m which case you cannot access.
If you were on server, it's quite simply standard SQL - "MySQL" is SQL, as is Oracle SQL, PostGreSQL, MS-SQL and the others. (Yes, some of the usage varies, like line endings, cases, server commands etc, but the definition of SQL does not include them. "Select * from X where Y" works across all SQL based databases)
But you said Cloud, so you can forget it. You have no access to the underlying database on Cloud, you'll need to work over the REST API. That only allows the use of JQL, not SQL.
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You need to contact the DBA who set it up. JIRA supports many database. JIRA doesn't provide access to the database except through the UI.
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