This question is in reference to Atlassian Documentation: Configuring Columns
A column represents a status, not a custom field. You have to create the column and then map the status to it.
As far as adding the field to your screens - follow Nic's advice.
Column configuration is for the issue navigator.
It has nothing to say about fields appearing on issues - you need to look at the screens for the issue and check the field configuration and context if the field is on the screen. Try going to create issue and clicking "where's my field" at the top right - that will help you
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