You've already pointed out that this might not be clear to novices in the docs, and mentioned that a dictionary would be useful (I tend to agree)
So the specifics
- Terminal is an industry standard word that is a contraction of "terminal emulator" - essentially, something that gives you a command line where you can type commands instead of clicking on things (it's not quite what a terminal emulator really is, but that's a historical essay we can skip here)
- Git is a distributed version control system (simple version - you keep your code in here)
- GitHub is a service providing git and a nice interface over the top of it and some additional functions
- Bitbucket is a similar service, but one provided by Atlassian (both as a Cloud service and a system you can run on your own servers)
- SourceTree is a program, provided by Atlassian, for interacting with git repositories
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